Statistics

Precision, recall, and F1 scores tell different stories about model errors. In medical diagnosis, false negatives (missed disease) may be costlier than false positives. The gap between training and test metrics is itself a statistic - a measure of generalization failure.

Persistence barcodes and diagrams provide statistical summaries of topological features. Long bars indicate robust features; points far from the diagonal represent significant structure. This is shape statistics.

A battery of statistical tests (chi-square, KS, entropy, KL divergence) applied to character and bigram distributions. Demonstrates how formal tests can detect human patterns invisible to intuition.

Each flower's PCA scores define a unique waveform. Pairwise multiplication produces Chladni-like patterns where nodal lines (dark regions) indicate phase opposition. The cutoff threshold controls which correlations surface.

The frequency parameters (c1, c2) act as zoom levels into the wave structure. Phase offset reveals how temporal alignment between X and Y waves creates or destroys interference nodes.